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=**APUSH: Review: Theme: LABOR 1789-1900**=


 * Labor in this time period took three different references.**
 * Manual Labor- Independent civilians doing labor for the house
 * Debt Bondage- Slavery/ Indentured Servants
 * Wage Labor- Paid labor

1789-1840 American Industrialization
From 1789-1840, labor in the United States began to transform. It was different between the North and the South. Both sides had to industrialize eventually, but it wasn't until after the civil war where the South industrialized. Before the revolution, men were always farming while women had to sew clothes, make shoes, churn butter, and other chores but In the time frame of 1790-1840, the American's way of life changed due to specializations in certain labors.

Rural areas and their artisans and crafts men created a home production based on master and apprentice. This worked by having a child, or apprentice, move in to a workshop. The shop is attached to a home in a rural community and everyone will go there to trade items to obtain their crafts. The apprentice will practice in to becoming a master and once the apprentice becomes fully prepared, he will move out in to a different city or take over the shop if the master had passed.

This was the start of the Market Revolution. Before, people had to sew their own clothes, produce their own meat, and churn their own milk, cheese, and butter. With the market revolution, people bought hand made goods from specialists.

Soon, merchants created a "Putting-out System", where merchants would give work to civilians that specialized in a craft. Then they would supervise these productions by giving them a quota number of crafts to make. These civilians would then get money for their crafts and the merchants would then pick it up from their houses and sell them on the streets or markets. This gave the control of economy to merchant capitalists. [|For more information on the Putting out System]

This is when the north had began to industrialize. This transition was from work at home to work in the factories. America's industrial architect is Samuel Slater. This factory worker from England lied to get in to America and introduced factory work to America. After the introduction of factories, Francis Cabot Lowell designed the community based factories with dorms. Workers were mainly women This was the birth of wage labor. Most laborers were women and immigrants. The north had transformed from self labor to labor on a time clock with their only day off being Sunday. Due to the working conditions, hours, wages, and treatment, workers often went on strike. [|For more information on Francis Cabot Lowell]

Due to the poor working conditions, Americans began to form working unions which concentrated on artisan rights and virtues. Those who were American born saw immigrants as a threat. [|For more information on Labor Unions] The only thing was these unions were illegal, but they won important victories in the 1830's- 1840's. They were finally legalized in the 20th century. The industrial revolution ended in the 1840's due to the civil war.

1865-1900's The Second Industrialization
With all the progress, everything was held at a stop due to the civil war, but it continued right after. This was known to be the second industrial revolution. This revolution was mainly in the west where technologies made mining, ranching, and farming much easier. This era was mainly known for mechanization which lead to mass production. Companies began vertical integration and horizontal consolidation to become richer. The rich got richer while the poor stayed poor. This lead to monopolies but due to the American belief, the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed and allowed the government to break up these companies that held monopolies. By the 1900's American factories had completely mechanized due to 36,000 patented invention [|For more information on the Second Industrial Revolution]



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The name of this age fits perfectly to what was going on. Gilded being gold plated, America was doing well economically to the outer world but inside it was pretty bad. Due to the collapse of the railroads, the banks began to collapse causing a "deeper hole". Working conditions were also no better. This caused even more strikes, which led to the rise of unemployment. 25% of the working class was unemployed. This is where labor unions stepped in once again and fought for labor solidarity. The battle was difficult because rich business owners refused to fix their conditions due to cheap working immigrants.

[|For more information on the Gilded Age]

=GLOSSARY=
 * Apprentice** Children ranging from 7-18 learning to be artisans
 * Civil War** The war between the north and south about slavery
 * Factories** A manufacturing plant for workers to manufacture goods or supervise machinery
 * Gilded Age** The gold plated age of America
 * Horizontal Consolidation** When big companies buy out small companies
 * Industrial Revolution** A time where there was major changes in agriculture, mining, textiles, transportation, etc.
 * Labor Solidarity** The stability of a job
 * Labor Unions** A group that is recognized as representatives of the workers.
 * Lowell Factories** Community based factories
 * Lowell Girls** Women who worked in factories
 * Master** An artisan or craftsman that teaches apprentices
 * Mechanization** Providing machinery to assist in labor
 * Monopolies** Full control on a certain good.
 * Patented** A grant made by a government that confers upon the creator of an invention the sole right to make, use, and sell that invention
 * Putting-out system** Work that was was contracted by a central agent to subcontractors who completed the work in their own facilities, usually their own homes.
 * Second Industrial Revolution** also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of the larger Industrial Revolution in the period from the last half of the 19th century until about the time of World War I.
 * Sherman Antitrust Act** The act that allowed the government to break up companies that held a monopoly
 * Strike** The stoppage of work
 * Vertical Integration** When someone soley depends on their own business to manufacture a certain good.
 * Wage Labor** Labor that was paid
 * Working Class** The class in society that worked in factories. This was known as the lower class.